Twagiramungu Noheli: Umuzi n_umuhamuro w_imiryane mu Rwanda n_ingamba zo kuzahura igihugu

Umuzi n’umuhamuro w’imyiryane mu Rwanda
N’ingamba zo kuzahura igihugu

Noheli Twagiramungu[1]

UMWANZIKO

Iyi nyandiko igamije gutanga umusanzu w’ibitekerezo mu biganiro bihuza Abanyarwanda basesengura kandi bashakira umuti imvano n’ingaruka z’imyiryane yazahaje igihugu cyacu. Nkuko mbisobanura mu ngingo zikurikira, Abanyarwanda benshi bakeneye kubaho neza no kubana mu bwisanzure, ubwuzuzanye, ubusabane n’amahoro arambye. Ariko ibyo byarananiranye kubera ko igihugu gikomeza kugirwa ingaruzwamuheto y’ingoma z’ibinani, zishyira imbere ubwidishyi, ubwikanyize bw’utuzu twubakiye ku moko n’uturere, zikishingikiriza inkunga ya ba Mpatsibihugu bagenda basimburana uko zihinduye imirishyo.
Iki kiganiro ndagishingira ku ngingo eshatu z’ingenzi: Uko abanyarwanda basobanura iby’ingoma y’ubwidishyi; imiterere y’ingoma y’ubwidishyi bw’utuzu mu Rwanda rwa kera n’urw’ubu; uburemere bw’ibibazo by’ikandamiza n’imyiryane ishingiye ku moko. Ndasozereza ku ngamba zadufasha gusohoka muri iyo myiryane tukubaka inzego z’ubuyobozi zica ubutegetsi bw’akazu kandi zikavana abanyarwanda bo mu moko yose n’ingeri zinyuranye ku ngoyi y’urwikekwe, ubwoba no kwiheba bimaze kuba akarande mu Rwanda.


I. INGOMA Y’UBWIDISHYI: UMUGANI UGANA AKARIHO

Mu mugani w’ingoma y’Abidishyi, Gacamigani atubwira iby’umusore w’igikomangoma wafatanije n’urungano rwe bigarurira ingoma, batsemba abasaza bose bahereye kuri ba Se kugira ngo hatazagira ugerageza kubavuguruza mu byemezo bafata. Umwami mushya w’Abidishyi yaciye iteka ko nta n’umwe ugomba kumuvuguruza, kumugisha impaka cg kumuhinyuza. Icyo avuze cyose yategetse ko bagomba kwikiriza bati “yego Mwidishyi’’. Mu matwara ye mashya, yasanze agomba kwambara ukwe kwa wenyine, nuko ategeka ko bamukanira uruhu rw’imparage bakarumufureba kuva ku mutwe kugera ku birenge. Iby’amategeko arusha amabuye kuremera, abahanga mu gukana bakoze ibyo bategetswe ariko ntihagira umenya cg utinyuka kubwira Umwami ko nibamudoderaho uruhu atabasha guhumeka. Nuko ngo akazuba kave umwami uko uruhu rumukana ati “uruhu rurankana Bidishyi”, bati “Yego uruhu ruragukana Mwidishyi”. Ati “muntabare Bidishyi”, bati ‘nibagutabare Mwidishyi”. Ati “ndapfuye Bidishyi”, bati “urapfuye Mwidishyi”.
Umugani utubwira ko uwo mwami w’abidishyi yaje gukizwa ku bwa burembe n’umusaza wari waracitse ku icumu abikesha umuhungu we wari waranze gukurikiza amabwiriza y’ubwidishyi akamuhisha.
Nubwo umugani w’Abidishyi umaze imyaka amagana wigishwa mu Rwanda, biratangaje kubona abategetsi bakomeje kuyobora U Rwanda ntacyo wigeze ubigisha. Reka turebe muri make uko ingoma ya cyami na Repubulika zayikurikiye zaranzwe n’umuco w’ubwidishyi ushingiye ku bwikanyize bw’ishyaka rimwe ryimakaza akazu gashingiye ku irondakoko no ku muntu umwe w’Ikinani (MDR Parmehutu ya Kayibanda, MRND ya Habyarimana, FPR ya Kagame).

II. UBWIKANYIZE BW’UTUZU

Ingoma ya cyami
Ingoma y’ubwidishyi ijyana ahanini no gutzimbataza ubwikanyize bw’akazu. Nubwo ijambo akazu ryamamaye mu mahindura ya za 1990 ubwo impumeko ya demokarasi yari igarutse muri Afurika, imikorere y’akazu ifite amateka maremare mu butegetsi bwaranze u Rwanda, ikaba ishinze imizi mu mitegekere y’ingoma Nyiginya. Kera ku bwa Kalinga, iyo Umwami yimaga, we n’umugabekazi (nyina) bagombaga gutonesha abo mu miryango yabo, bakanyaga abo batishimiye, bakagabira abo bashatse. Ibi byagiye bitera amakimbirane cyane mu nzu y’ubwami nyirizina (Abanyiginya) n’imiryango y’ibibanda (abega, abakono, abasinga, …). Utuzu dukomeye twashoboye guhigika utundi ku ngoma ya cyami ni akazu k’Abanyiginya b’abahindiro n’akazu k’Abega, ndetse abega b’abakagara baza kwigarurira ubutegetsi ku buryo bugaragara nyuma y’intambara yo ku Rucunshu yakurikiywe n’itikizwa ry’abanyiginya benshi n’indi miryango y’ibikomangoma.
Ingoma ya gikoloni yaje gutiza umurindi ako kazu gahigika abakarwanyaga (nka Rukara rwa Bishingwe na Basebya ba Nyirantwali), kigarurira impugu zigengaga (I Gisaka, u Busozo, u Bukunzi) ari na ko barushaho gufatanya gukandamiza no kurenganya abaturage. Ibi ni byo byaje kuba intandaro y’akaga kakomeje kugwira u Rwanda kugeza magingo aya.

Repubulika ya mbere
Kuri Repubulika ya mbere, guhirika ubwami byakurikiwe n’amatora yagaragayemo amashyaka ane y’ingenzi: MDR Parmehutu, UNAR, Aprosoma, Rader. Ibyavuye mu matora ariko ntibyakomeje kubahirizwa kuko MDR Parimehutu yitiranije “benshi’ na “bose”, ikadukana imigenzereze ya cyami yo kunyaga no kugaba, igahigika abayobozi batowe n’abaturage (Aprosoma, Rader), abandi ikabica (Unar). Muri za 68, umuco wo kugaba no kunyaga warakataje, abatawushyigikiye bahinduka “abataye umurongo”. Ubutegetsi bwarushijeho kugenda bujya mu maboko y’akazu k’abegereye perezida Kayibanda, abenshi bakaba ab’iwabo i Gitarama, mu bakomoka ahandi abenshi bakaba abiganye na we mu iseminari mu Nyakibanda. Mu marembera y’ingoma, abarenze kimwe cya kabiri cy’abaminisitiri bakomokaga i Gitarama, bose ari abahutu bo muri MDR Parmehutu, bose ari abo mu idini rya Gatolika y’i Roma.

Repubulika ya Kabiri
Repubulika ya kabiri yaje ivuga ko izanye “revolisiyo mvugururamuco” kandi ko ije kurwanya “ubwikanyize bwa bamwe”. Imvugo ariko ntiyabaye ingiro. Ahubwo ndetse ubwikanyize bwarushijeho guhabwa intebe, cyane cyane ko ubutegetsi bwari mu maboko y’abasilikali bakomoka mu gace kamwe k’igihugu (Gisenyi-Ruhengeli). Ibintu byarushijeho kuzamba Leta ishyizeho icyo yise politiki y’iringaniza, yabaye ahanini inzira yo gukumira mu mashuri no mu nzego z’imirmo ya Leta abatutsi muri rusange n’abahutu bo mu turere Leta itari yishimiye nka Gitarama.
Igishya cyabonetse kuri iyo Leta ni uguha abatutsi bake n’abantu bo mu yandi madini imyanya ikomeye nk’ubuminisitiri n’ubudepite, gusa nanone ibyo bigakorwa mu buryo busa n’ubwa gihake, hatitawe ku kamaro uhawe umwanya yamarira abo yitwa ko ahagarariye.
Muri za 80, umwuka mubi hagati y’abasilikali bari ku butegetsi watumye bamwe batabwa muri yombi barafungwa (Lizinde, Biseruka,..) abandi barahunga (Kanyarengwe). Ibyo byatumye uturere bakomokamo (Bugoyi, Bukonya, ..)tuvanwa ku ibere , nuko akazu karushaho kwizingira mu gace gato ka Bushiru n’inkengero zayo. Ushaka umwanya muri leta, ushaka kujya kwiga hanze, ushaka inguzayo muri Banki, kenshi byasabaga kunyura ku muntu wizewe wo muri ako kazu, cg umuyoboke wako.

Leta y’inzibacyuho
Mu gihe cy’itambara n’inkubiri ya demokarasi muri za 90, ubwikanyize bw’akazu ka Perezida Habyarimana bwatumye abaturage hirya no hino bivumbura, nuko biba ngombwa ko hajyaho ubutegetsi busaranganijwe hashingiwe ku mashyaka. Icyagaragaye cyane muri ayo mashyaka, ni uko imikorere y’utuzu yarushijeho guhembera ubushyamirane bw’amoko n’uturere. Koko rero, amashyaka yari amaze kuvuka (MDR, PSD, PL, PDC,…) yiremyemo utuzu dushingiye ku moko, uturere n’ubuhunahunnyi bwa bamwe bu bayobozi bayo ku buryo byatumye atagira ingufu zo guha abaturage umurongo uhamye wo kuvanaho ubwikanyize bw’akazu ka MRND no kuburizamo umugambi wa FPR wo gufata ubutegetsi ku ngufu. Ibintu byarushijeho kuba urujijo kuko FPR na MRND n’abayishyigikiye (CDR, Interahamwe, Kangura, La Medaille Nyiramacibiri, Radio LTLM) bashyiraga imbere ibikorwa by’iterabwoba no gukura abantu umutima, ku buryo byageze aho izo mpande zombi ari zo zigarurira urubuga: utari ku ruhande rwa FPR akabarwa ku ruhande rwa MRND; udashyigikiye MRND agashinjwa gucudika na FPR. Ni muri urwo rujijo kwica Perezida Habyarimana n’abafasha be byahaye abari bafite inyungu muri ako kaduruvayo gukora ibyo bari bamaze igihe bagambiriye: Interahamwe n’abambali bazo babona umwanya wo kurimbura abatutsi n’abo bitaga “ibyitso by’Inkotanyi”; Inkotanyi zibona urwaho rwo gutikiza abo zishatse no kwifatira ubutegetsi nta nkomyi.

Ingoma ya FPR Inkotanyi
FPR itera u Rwanda muri 1990 yavugaga ko ije kurwanya ubutegetsi bw’igitugu, gufatanya n’abandi banyarwanda gushimangira demokarasi no gukemura ikibazo cy’impunzi. Ntabwo ariko imvugo yabaye ingiro. Aho ifatiye ubutegetsi ku ngufu, yashyizeho guverinoma yise iy’ “ubumwe bw’igihugu” itararengeje umwaka kuko abari bayirimo bagerageje kurwanya ubwikanyize bwa FPR bayirukanywemo, bamwe barameneshwa abandi ndetse baza kwicwa. Amashyaka yariho yabujijwe gukora no kongera kugirana imishyikirano n’abaturage; amashya mashya yangiwe gukora; hirya no hino abantu bagerageje kwamagana akarengane baraatotezwa, bakicwa se, abandi bagafungwa abandi bakameneshwa. Byaje kugera aho abayobozi b’amashyaka FPR idashaka ibafunga cg ikabasimbuza abo yishakiye, bigeze aho ifata icyemezo cyo kurema Ihuriro itegekeramo ayo mashyaka atagira abayoboke ndetse isesa ayo yatinyaga ko azazuka (MRND na CDR) n’iryayiryaga isataburenge (MDR).
Imaze gukemura ikibazo “cy’abahutu babi” -- ni ko abambali bayo bavuga--; akazu gashya karushijeho kwisuganya, gatangira kwigizayo abo kita “abatutsi b’indashima’’, abo bakaba ahanini ari abageragezaga kuvugira abacitse ku icumu bavuga ko ntacyo Leta ikora kigaragara mu kubafasha.
Ibyo byagaragaye cyane muri za 1998-2000 kugeza aho abayoboraga IBUKA bayinyazwe ku mugaragaro, bamwe bakameneshwa, abandi bagahitamo kuyoboka. Abandi akazu ka FPR kibasiye n’abatinyutse kunenga igitugu no kwivanga kw’igisilikali mu buyobozi bw’inzego zose z’igihugu no guha imyanya abahunahunnyi n’inkomamashyi zitagize icyo zishoboye. Abo barezwe ko bigira Nyirandabizi (intellectuals), ko ari abo kuvuga gusa batazi urugamba rwo kubohoza igihugu icyo ari cyo.
Uko ibintu bimeze uyu munsi, igihugu kiyobowe n’akazu ka FPR gashingiye kuri Kagame n’agatsiko gato k’abasilikali n’abasivili bavanye Uganda, kakabamo abatutsi b’inkomamashyi barimo abavuye za Burundi, Zayire n’abahoze mu Rwanda, kakabamo nanone abahutu bitwa “ibikingamuyaga” biganjemo abamaze gukorerwa amadosiye yo gufungwa igihe cyose baba birengeje bakibagirwa ikibahatse.

III. IKANDAMIZWA N’UBUSHYAMIRANE BW’AMOKO

Nta wavuga umuzi n’umuhamuro w’imyiryane mu Rwanda atavuze ikibazo cy’ikandamizwa n’imyiryane y’amoko kuko ari byo bimaze kuba akarande mu Rwanda. Koko rero, twabishaka tutabishaka, amoko Hutu, Tutsi, Twa, kubikura mu mpapuro ziranga abanyarwanda, cg se kwiyambura ubunyarwanda ugafata indangamuntu y’ubwenegihugu bundi ntabwo byasibanganya inkovu z’ibikomere icyapa cy’ubwoko Tutsi cg Hutu cyadusigiye. Izo nkovu ziri ukwinshi: ingoyi, ipfunwe n’agasuzuguro, incyuro mbi, ibiboko n’uburetwa, ubuhunzi, ubupfubyi n’ubucike, intambara no kurara rwatambi, uburoko, …
Muri make, ikibazo cy’ikandamizwa ry’amoko cyatangiye ku ngoma ya cyami, gikuririzwa n’ubukoloni, kigumya guhemberwa nyuma y’ubwigenge kugeza ubwo gikuruye intambara n’itsembabwoko muri za 90, ubu akaba ari nacyo FPR yubakiyeho politiki yayo yo gutera ubwoba abatutsi no kubuza uburyo abahutu mu izina rya “jenoside n’ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside”.

Ku ngoma ya cyami n’igikoloni
Ikibazo cyatangiye ubwo ingoma nyiginya yari imaze gushinga imizi (ku ngoma ya Ruganzu Ndoli ahayinga 1600). Icyo gihe imiryango ikomeye yiremyemo itsinda ry’imfura zitwa Abatutsi, batangira kugira imvugo, imyitwarire n’imigenzo ibatandukanya cyane na rubanda rwa giseseka, rwaje guhabwa izina rukomatanyo ry’Abahutu. Abo Batutsi batangiye kwemeza abandi banyarwanda mu migani n'izindi nganzo zinyuranye ko Gatutsi ari we wahawe n’Imana ubutware kubera ubwenge bwe n'ubwihangane, Gahutu ahabwa imbaraga zo gukora no guhakwa, naho Gatwa ahabwa ubwenge-twa bwo gusabiriza no gutera amashyengo. Iyo umuntu usanzwe wo muri rubanda yabaga akoze ibikorwa bitangaje cg se agize ubutoni bw’akadasohoka kuri Shebuja, yakorerwaga umuhango wo kwihutura (kwiyambura ubuhutu), we n’umuryango we bagahabwa icyicaro mu mfura z’abatutsi.
Mu gihe cya gikoloni, Iyi mitekerereze yaje kurushaho gutsimbatazwa, byemezwa ko Gatutsi yavukiye gutegeka, ndetse ahabwa inkomoko ya kizungu (origine hamite). Musenyeli Class na bagenzi bagize uruhare mu gutsimbataza iki gitekerezo, ibuku (irangamuntu) irabishimangira, ndetse n’impuguke z’abanyarwanda nka Alegisi Kagame (cyane cyane mu bitabo Inganji Kalinga na Isoko y’amajyambere) barabyamamaza.

Repubulika ya mbere
Akarengane gashingiye ku kwimakaza imfura z’abatutsi no gupyinagaza rubanda ni ko kabaye imbarutso ya revolusiyo ya 59 ari na yo yaje kuvanaho ingoma ya cyami yimika repubulika iyobowe n’abahutu bake bari barashoboye kugera mu ishuri no kumenya ibya ruzungu. Revolisiyo ya 59 yadukanye intero nshya ngo “Gahutu yaratsinze’’.
Burya koko ngo uwarose nabi burinda bucya. Intsinzi ya Gahutu ntiyagarukiye mu kwigobotora ingoyi ya Gatutsi gusa. Yabaye intsinzi yo kwihimura kuri Gatutsi ndetse no kumwambura ishema n’agaciro nk’umuvukarwanda. Byarushijeho gukomerera uwitwa umututsi kuko ishyaka ryatsinze ryitwaga Parmehutu, bikumvikana ko utari umuhutu iyo ngoma nshya ya Repubulika nta mwanya yari ayifitemo. Ibi byaje kuba ihame nyuma y’aho bamwe mu bahunze bafataga intwaro bakagaba ibitero bitwa Inyenzi guhera muri za 1963. Ibyo byahaye Parmehutu urwaho rwo guca andi mashyaka byari bihanganye, bamwe mu bayobozi bayo bicwa bataburanye, abandi barayoboka irabahaka. Ibyo byakurikiwe no gutoteza abatutsi basigaye mu gihugu—abenshi ari abaturage batigeze bumva n‘umulishyo wa Kalinga bitirirwaga--, hamwe baricwa, ahandi bakurwa mu byabo bacirwa i Nyamata mu Bugesera, abasigaye batangira kurira ku mpembyi biteguye kwicwa igihe cyose Inyenzi zaba zongeye gutera u Rwanda.

Repubulika ya kabiri
Iyo nkeke yo guhora abatutsi biteguye gutotezwa yongeye kurushaho kwiyongera muri za 72-73 ubwo agatsiko k’abasilikali b’abatutsi i Burundi barimbaguraga ibihumbi by’abahutu, ibyo biha urwaho abasilikali bo mu Rwanda gushoza imvururu zibasira abatutsi ari nabyo byabahaye uburyo bworoshye bwo gufata ubutegetsi. Nubwo ubutegetsi bushya bwa Habyarimana butemereye abatutsi bari barahunze gutaha, ndetse hakajyaho n’iringaniza rizitira abatutsi mu mashuri n’imirimo ya Leta, muri rusange habaye agahenge. Gusa ibyo byabaye iby’akanya gato, kuko kuva Inkotanyi ziteye muri 90, abatutsi basubiye ku kabo, ari uzi iby’inkotanyi, ari n’utarazumva, bose bashyirwa mu gatebo kamwe, byemezwa ko abatutsi bose bafite umugambi wo kugarura ubwami bagakandamiza Gahutu. Ibyo ni nabyo byaje kuba intandaro y’umugambi mubisha wo kurimbura inyoko y’abatutsi muri 94.

Intsinzi y’Inkotanyi
Kurimbagura abatutsi b’inzirakarengane hirya no hino mu gihugu aho guca intege Inkotanyi nkuko Interahamwe n’abari bazihishe inyuma babyibeshyaga, byahaye Inkotanyi amahirwe yo kugera ku mugambi wazo wo gufata ubutegetsi mu nzira y’ubusamo. Byarushijeho no kuziha impamvu yoroshye yo gusobanurira amahanga intambara yazo, ndetse no korosa cyangwa koroshya ubwicanyi n’ibindi bikorwa mburabuntu zakoze kuva muri 90 kugeza magingo aya.
Ibyo byanabaye intandaro yo gusiga abahutu aho bava bakagera icyaha cyo kurimbura abatutsi. Umusenateri wa FPR yagize ati “ Abahutu bose barishe, n’utarishe yagize ngo ‘awa”. Mu kurushaho kuremereza icyaha rukomatanyo, Leta ya FPR yaboneye abahutu ikindi kirego cyitwa “ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside’’, bikavuga ko n’utarakoze jenoside, imbuto yayo ayifite mu maraso. Nkuko ku ngoma y’utuzu tw’abahutu kuba “Lunari”, “inyenzi”, “umwanzi wa Repubulika’’cg “inkotanyi” cyari ikirego gituma umututsi wese aho ari yaragombaga guhora yigengesereye, akaba (nkuko Antoine Mugesera yabivuze neza)[2] “ nk’umuja wiseseka mu rugo rutari urwe”, ni ko ku ngoma ya FPR Inkotanyi abahutu bategekwa kugenda bububa, uhawe umwanya akemera kuba igikingamuyaga, unyazwe agakoma yombi, ufunzwe agashinyiriza, uwiciwe agacira mu nda agaceceka.[3]
Iyi politiki y’ubwidishyi bwimakaza irondakoko aho ibera kirimbuzi ni uko abantu bagerageje kuyamagana batotezwa, abandi bakicwa, abandi bakameneshwa cg bagahimbirwa ibyaha by’urukozasoni nko kunyereza umutungo wa Leta cg guhungabanya umutekano w’igihugu. Ibi nanone birushaho kuzamba kuko abidishyi bari ku ngoma bagaragiwe n’inkomamashyi z’abatutsi n’abahutu b’ibikingamuyaga badashobora gutinyuka kubakebura ngo babagire inama amazi atari yarenga ikombe.
Nubwo abambali b’iyo ngoma bibeshyera ko bazakora ibishoboka ntihagire indi “revolution” iba[4], nta washidikanya ko igihuru gisa n’ikigiye kubyara igihunyira, dore ko ibijya gucika bica amarenga.
Ni ngombwa rero ko abakunda u Rwanda bahaguruka amazi atararenga inkombe, bakabuza urwo rwango kongera gusandara mu bantu ngo rugarike ingongo. Inzira yonyine ishobora kuvana u Rwanda muri urwo rwobo rw’inzika n’inzigo ni uguhindura ingiro n’ingendo y’ubutegetsi, hakajyaho ubutegetsi burengera bose kandi buhumuriza buri wese. Gushyiraho bene ubwo butegetsi bisaba ingamba zihamye n’inzira zibaza ubuhanga n’ubwitange. Ni byo tugiye kureba mu ngingo ikurikira.


IV. INZIRA Y’IBISUBIZO

“BYOSE BIBE BISHYA N’ISI IZABONE GUHINDUKA”

Imyiryane yokamye u Rwanda kuva rwabona ubwigenge iradusaba twe abariho none gusubiza amaso inyuma, tukareba aho tuvuye, aho turi n’aho tugana, hanyuma tugafata ingamba zo gutegura ejo hazaza. Kuraga abana bacu imivumo n’imiborogo ntabwo amasekuruza ataha yazabitubabarira.
Mu bintu byihutirwa kandi bishoboka dusabwa gutangamo umusanzu buri wese uko ashoboye, hariho inzira eshatu zuzuzanya: Kumva no gusesengura neza ishingiro ry’ubutegetsi bw’ubwidishyi; Kuvanaho ingoma y’ubwidishyi; Gushyiraho inzego zinogeye bose kandi zirengera buri wese; guhamya ubufanye mpuzamahanga bufitiye abaturarwanda n’abatuye isi yose akamaro.

1. Kumva no gusesengura neza ishingiro ry’ubutegetsi bw’ubwidishyi

U Rwanda rumaze imyaka iyinga mirongo itanu rwitwa Repubulika kandi bivugwa ko rugendera ku mahame ya Demikarasi. Repubulika (res publica mu kilatini) bivuga icyo abaturage bose bahuriyeho, basangiye, bafitemo amahirwe angana. Demokarasi bivuga , nkuko Perezida Lincoln w’Amerika yabigize ihame, “ubutegetsi bw’abaturage, butangwa n’abaturage, bukorera abaturage.” Ingingo twavuze haruguru zitwereka ko u Rwanda kugeza uyu munsi wa none rutigeze na rimwe, na rimwe ruba Repubulika, kandi n’ubwo rwagize amahirwe yo gusogongera ku mahame n’inzira za demokarasi, ntirwigeze rugira inzego za demokarasi. Reka twibukiranye:
U Rwanda rwabonye bwa mbere mu mateka yarwo amahirwe yo kuba Repubulika ubwo bake mu bayobozi batowe n’abaturage hirya no hino mu gihugu bahuriraga i Gitarama ku wa 28 Mutarama 1960 bakiyemeza kuvana u Rwanda mu maboko y’Umwami bagashyira ubuyobozi bwarwo mu maboko y’abaturage.
Nubwo Umwami n’abamushyigikiye batabyishimiye kandi imvururu zariho zikagira abo zibuza gutora no gutorwa uko bikwiye, Kamarampaka yo ku wa 25 Nzeli 1961 yabaye intambwe ya mbere yo guha abaturage amahirwe yo guhitamo ubuyobozi n’abayobozi bifuza. Ibyo byatumye amashyaka n’abayovozi batowe n’abaturage bashyiraho inzego zagejeje u Rwanda ku bwigenge. Icyaje gukurikiraho ni uko abari ku isonga y’iyo Repubulika batatiye amahame ya demokarasi :(i) bahohoteye abatarabatoye bamwe baricwa, abandi barameneshwa abandi bagirwa nk’ “umuja wiseseka mu rugo rutari urwe”; (ii) bahinduye Parmehutu ishyaka rimwe rukumbi kandi atari cyo abaturage bose bemeje; (iii) bageze aho bambura abaturage ububasha bwo gutora no kudatora uwo bashatse, (iv) ndetse bamwe mu bayobozi ba Parmehutu bagerageje kurwanya imikorere y’ubwikanyize bagirwa ibicibwa, bamburwa ku maherere imyanya batorewe na rubanda ku mugaragaro.
Repubulika ya kabiri yo yareruye inyaga abaturage uburenganzira bwo gutora no kudatora uwo bashatse, ibasigira ubwo kurangiza umuhango “bitondeka inyuma y’uwo Leta ishaka.”[5] Iyo migirire na nubu ni yo ikomeje, itandukaniro rikaba ko, aho kubishyira mu itegeko nko ku bwa Muvoma, FPR yo ihitamo kubikoresha ikinyoma, iterabwoba n’ubucancuro. Uwabonye amatora yo muri 2003 mu Rwanda kimwe n’abazi uko amatora akorwa mu nzego za FPR kuva aho Bwana Pawulo Kagame ayibereye Perezida bambera abagabo kuri iyi ngingo.
Nkuko twabivuze haruguru, U Rwanda rwavuye mu maboko y’akazu k’Umwami, rujya mu maboko y’akazu ka Kayibanda kikubiwe n’abahutu bo mu Nduga; buvamo bujya mu kazu ka Habyarimana kikubiwe n’Abahutu bo mu Bushiru, none ubu rugeze mu kazu ka Kagame gashingiye ku batutsi biganjemo abasilikali bavuye Uganda. Ngiyo Repubulika y’u Rwanda dufite uyu munsi.
Mu rwego rwo gushaka ibisubizo, tugomba kubanza kwibuka ko kugira ubutegetsi bw’akazu bwitirirwa abaturage atari umwihariko w’u Rwanda yewe ndetse si n’umwihariko w’Afurika cyangwa ibihugu bikennye nkuko abazungu bamwe bakunze kubyamamaza. Mu byukuri, ubutegetsi bw’akazu buri muri kamere y’ubutegetsi bwose aho buva bukagera. Abahanga mu bya politiki bagira bati :

Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely.
Le pouvoir tend à corrompre; tout pouvoir absolu corrompt absolument.

Ni ukuvuga ngo “ni kamere y’ubutegetsi bwose kwikubirwa n’ababufite, umutegetsi utagira ikimukoma imbere ategekesha igitugu”.
Ingero ku isi hose zishyigikira iri hame ni ititi n’agasani: Kayizari mu Baromani; Ludoviko wa XIV na Bonaparte mu Bufaransa; Hitler mu Budage; Musolini mu Butaliyani; Franco muri Espagne; Staline muri Rusiya; Pinochet muri Chili; Mobutu muri Zayire; Idi Amini mu Buganda, …
Ibi rero bivuga ko ibihugu icyo birushanya muri Demokarasi atari ukugira abayobozi beza, icyo birushanya ni uburyo bwo kubuza abategetsi bariho kwikubira ubutegetsi no gukoresha igitugu n’iterabwoba. Inzego nk’Inteko ishinga amategeko, ubucamanza, amashyaka ahanganye na Leta, imiryango itegamiye Leta, ibinyamakuru byigenga, … umurimo wabyo ni ukubuza abategetsi bariho kuba ibinani. Iyo izo nzego zigaruriwe n’akazu kari ku butegetsi, byanze bikunze umuyobozi w’igihugu aba umwidishyi, agakikizwa n’inkomamashyi n’ibikingamuyaga, akica agakiza, abaturage bakaba nk’abaja mu gihugu cyabo.
Bene ubu butegetsi buri gihe bushaka impamvu bugira igikangisho, bugahitamo itsinda ry’abantu bugira ruvumwa kubera ibyo bamwe muri ryo bakoze cg bitirirwa, kurwanya abo bantu, kubatoteza, kubahimbira ibirego no kwamagana ushobora kubavugira akaba ari byo biba gahunda y’inzego zose za Leta. Nguko uko Repubulika ya mbere n’iya kabiri zamaze imyaka zigisha ko abatutsi ari babi muri kamere yabo, ko batanyurzwa, ko bahora barota ibyo gusubiza abahutu ku ngoyi ya cyami. Nguko uko FPR yirirwa yamamaza ko abahutu bose bavukanye umugambi wo kwica abatutsi, ko bahora bawuhembera kandi ko umunsi hagize umuhutu ujya ku butegetsi atari igikingamuyaga cya FPR abatutsi bose bazashira.
Kubohora U Rwanda iyo ngoyi y’ubwoba na gatebe gatoki y’akarengane bisaba kurandura umuco w'ubwikanyize; hakajyaho ingamba zose zo gukumira abayobozi bashya ngo batigira ibinani by’abidishyi. Dukurikije ibibazo u Rwanda rurimo, guhagarika ubwidishyi buriho ni yo ntambwe ya mbere yo gukemura ibibazo by’umwiryane.

2. Kuvanaho ingoma y’ubwidishyi

Hariho inzira inyinshi zo kuvanaho ingoma y’ubwidishyi, ariko iz’ingenzi zishoboka imwe yonyine cg zikomatanijwe ni 5.

1° Kwivugurura kw’ingoma ubwayo
Inzira yoroshye, yifuzwa na benshi kandi irusha izindi kugirira igihugu cyose akamaro, uretse ko ikomerera abari ku butegetsi kurusha “kwinjiza inzovu mu mwenge w’urushinge”, ni uko abari ku ngoma ubwabo bafata icyemezo cyo kureka imikorere y’ubwidishyi, bagasubiza ubutegetsi mu maboko y’abaturage. Bashobora kubikora babyibwirije ubwabo; bashobora kubikora babigiriwemo inama n’amahanga y’inshuti zabo cg z’igihugu; bashobora nanone kubikora bokejwe igitutu n’abarwanya ubutegetsi.
Urugero rurangiranwa ni urw’ingoma ya Gashakabuhake muri Afurika y’epfo aho akazu k’abazungu kemeye kuva ku izima, kemera ko habaho amatora anyuze mu mucyo mu 1994, kemera gutsindwa no gutanga ubutegetsi hatabaye imvururu zisenya igihugu. Izindi ngero nziza zabaye muri Pologne mu 1989, Benin muri za 90 ndetse na Kenya muri 2002 aho leta zariho zagiye zemera amatora azira uburiganya zigatsindwa mu mucyo. Ingero mbi zabaye i Burundi muri 1993 na Nigeria muri 1996 aho utuzu twari ku butegetsi twemeye gukoresha amatora azira uburiganya twayatsindwa abasilikali bo mu kazu bakabyanga bagashora igihugu mu mvururu z’mivu y’amaraso.

2° Kwitandukanya n’akazu no guhirika ingoma y’ubwidishyi
Ubundi buryo bushoboka kandi bugirira igihugu akamaro ni uko bamwe bu bagize akazu kari ku butegetsi basanga ibyo gakora bigayitse bakiyemeza kwitandukanya n’Umwidishyi mukuru, bakamukuraho bagasubiza ubutegetsi mu maboko y’abaturage. Ibi kenshi bikorwa na bamwe mu bakuru b'ingabo z’igihugu, babyibwirije, babigiriwemo inama, babifashijwe n’amahanga, cg se babifatanije n’abarwanya Leta. Urugero rwiza ruzwi cyane ni urwa Mali aho uwali umukuru w’Ingabo, Tumani Touré yavanyeho ubutegetsi bw’igitugu ubwe yari arimo agashyiraho Leta y'inzibacyuho yahaye abaturage urubuga rwo kwitorera mu mucyo abayobozi n'inzego nshya bifuza.

3° Gufata ubutegetsi ku ngufu kw’abarwanya ubutegetsi
Iyo ubutegetsi butivuguruye ubwabwo cg ngo buvanweho na bamwe mu
babugize, indi nzira ikunze gukoreshwa ni uko abarwanya ubutegetsi bavanaho leta iriho ku ngufu. Bashobora kubikora bakoresheje udutsiko twabigize umwuga (mercenaires), cg bakoresheje intambara yihuse (guerre -éclair) cg y’inyeshyamba.
Icyo umuntu yakwibutsa muri rusange, ni uko iyi nzira iyo ihubukiwe idakunze kugirira abaturage akamaro. Kenshi abafashe ubutegetsi ku ngufu bashaka kwihemba, bityo bakongera kurema akazu k’ubwidishyi. Urugero rutari kure ni urwa FPR nkuko twabigaragaje hejuru aha. Indi nenge ikunze kugaragara ni uko abarwanya ubutegetsi n’ababufite bagwa miswi abaturage bakaba mu cyeragati nkuko byagenze muri Angola irwana na Savimbi cg Sudani irwana n’ingabo za Galang. Haba n’ubwo bene izo ntambara ziba intandaro yo kugabiza igihugu abacancuro b’abanyamahanga n’imitwe y’ibyihebe nkuko byagenze mu ntambara yahiritse Mobutu muri Zayire igahindura igihugu ingaruzwamuheto y’ingabo z’amahanga n’imitwe itabarika y’inyeshyamba.
Kugira ngo iyi nzira igire akamaro, bisaba ko abafashe intwaro zo kurwanya akazu kari ku butegetsi baba koko bashyigikiwe n’abaturage bo mu moko n’uturere tunyuranye kandi imiryango itegamiye Leta nk’amashyirahamwe, za Kiliziya n’ibinyamakuru byigenga bikagiramo uruhare rugaragara. Rumwe mu ngero nke nziza zamamaye ni urw’ingabo z’abaturage zibumbiye mu mutwe wa Sandinista zafashe ubutegetsi muri Nicaragua muri 1979 zigashyiraho ubutegetsi bushinze imizi muri rubanda kandi bushyigikiwe na za Kiliziya n’andi mashyirahamwe yita ku bibazo by’abaturage.

4° Imyivumbagatanyo y’abaturage
Iyo abaturage bakomeje gucurwa bufuni na buhoro bakabura gitabara, hari aho bagera kwihangana no kugira ubwoba bigasimburwa no kwiheba. Icyo gihe barivumbura, bagahangana n’ubutegetsi ku mugaragaro kugeza babuhiritse. Urugero rwamamaye ni urwo muri Rumaniya aho abaturage bivumbuye bagakwira imihanda yose, abasilikari bakabarasa bikaba iby’ubusa. Abasilikari benshi bageze aho banga gukomeza kurwanira ubutegetsi bukandamiza ababyeyi n’abavandimwe babo, nuko ahubwo bafasha abaturage batera ingoro ya Perezida Cheocheskou baramushwanyaguza n’ibyegera bye. Ubu Rumaniya iri mu bihugu biri ku isonga mu byateye imbere muri demokarasi.

5° Ibitero by’amahanga
Indi nzira ishoboka ni uko ubutegetsi bw’ikinani bwigira akaraha-kajya-he bukagirira nabi abaturage babwo ndetse n’abaturanyi ku buryo bitera amahanga guhaguruka agatabara. Iyi nzira ikunze gutera ingorane kuko kenshi amahanga atabara kubera inyungu bwite yifitiye kurusha impuhwe afitiye abaturage bahohoterwa.
Urugero rw’agatereranzamba ni Iraq aho Amerika yateye igahirika ikinani Sadamu Huseni ariko na nubu kuhagarura umutekano bikaba byarananiranye. Urundi rugero rwa kera ni urwa Tanzaniya yateye Uganda igahirika Idi Amin Dada wari warigize ikigirwamana. Ibi kandi byabaye muri Haiti na Panama aho ingabo z’Amerika zateye zikirukana ubutegetsi bw’igitugu.

Muri rusange, hariho inzira zinyuranye zo kunyaga utuzu tw’abidishyi ubutegetsi, buri yose ikagira akamaro bitewe n’abayikoresha n’uruhare baha abaturage mu guhindura ubutegetsi no kugenzura imikorere y’ubutegetsi bushya. Koko rero, kuvanaho ingoma y’abidishyi ni intambwe ya mbere yo gukemura ibibazo, ariko ntihagije. Gushyiraho ubutegetsi bubereye abaturage ni yo ntambwe ikunze kuba ingorabahizi.

Gushyiraho inzego zinogeye bose kandi zirengera buri wese
Kugira ngo ihinduka ry’ubutegetsi rigirire abaturage bose akamaro muri rusange kandi igihugu ntikibe ingaruzwamuheto y’akazu gashya kagira abo gatoteza cg gaheza ku maherere, hagomba kubaho ingamba zihamye zo gushyiraho inzego zinogeye bose kandi zirengera buri wese. Mu gihugu nk’u Rwanda cyakunze kurangwa n’imyiryane ikabije, hari ibintu bitatu by’ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho: gutanga ihumure ku baturage bose; komora ibikomere; kurwanya ubukene no gusaranganya umutungo w’igihugu.

- Gutanga ihumure
Abanyarwanda bagira bati “uwakanzwe n’iyera abona iyirabura agahunga.” Kubera akarengane gakabije kandi kagambiriwe utuzu tw’abahutu n’utw’abatutsi twagiye tugirira abanyarwanda tubaziza ubwoko cg akarere bavukamo, birakomeye guha abanyarwanda bose icyizere cyo kuzagira ubutegetsi butabarenganya, butabahora icyo bari cyo, bubaha amahirwe angana kandi bubarengera uko bikwiye. Ikibabaje kuruta byose ni uko utwo tuzu dukora uko dushoboye ngo dusige abo mu bwoko dukomokamo icyasha cy’urugomo rukorera abandi banyarwanda, ibyo bikaba intandaro yo gutotezwa n’ingoma nshya. Iyo gatebe-gatoki y’inzigo zidashira ni yo ubu u Rwanda rwivurugutamo: abagize umugambi mubisha wo kumara abatutsi basize icyo cyasha abahutu bose, none FPR ikoresheje igisilikali, amagereza na Gacaca zirenganya ndetse n’amashyirahamwe yitwa ko yigenga nka IBUKA, iragereka akarengane igirira abahutu ku batutsi bose n’abacitse ku icumu by’umwihariko.
Nkuko abahutu bamwe batunguwe n’itsindwa ry’Inzirabwoba bibwiraga ko zibarinze, ubu abatutsi batari bake bahora mu cyoba ko ingabo z’Inkotanyi zagira uzitsinsura, kuko Leta iriho ivuga ko abatutsi aho bava bakagera akabo kaba gashobotse. Ni ngombwa rero ko haboneka uburyo bwo guhumuriza abaturage bose, mu bwoko n’akarere aka ari ko kose, baba ari abari mu butegetsi ubu, baba ari ababurwanya n’abo bwagiriye nabi, buri wese akumva ko adashobora kurengana.
By’umwihariko, kuba abatutsi batinya “demokarasi ya nyamwinshi” abahutu bakunze gushyira imbere, abatutsi benshi kandi bakaba bateze amizero yabo ku gisilikali ubu kiganjemo abatutsi, birasaba gushyiraho ingabo z’igihugu zihumuriza impande zose, kandi amatora agakorwa ku buryo yubahiriza ibyifuzo bya benshi ariko atirengagije inyungu za bake.
Inkuru nziza ni uko u Rwanda atari cyo gihugu cya mbere cyaranzwe n’urwikekwe n’imyiryane mu baturage. Kuba ibihugu nka Afurika y’epfo, Ubusuwisi, Ububiligi… byarashoboye gushyiraho inzego zihuza kandi zigahumuliza abaturage babyo bose, ni gihamya ko igihe cyose hari ubushake n’ubushishozi, gutanga ihumure mu Rwanda birashoboka.

- Komora ibikomere
Gutanga ihumure bijyana no komora ibikomere. Koko rero abanyarwanda bafite ibikomere byinshi kandi binyuranye. Hari iby’akarengane ka kera . Hari n’ibya vuba aha birimo iby’intambara ya 90 n’amahano yayikurikiye arimo itsembabwoko ry’abatutsi, itikizwa ry’abahutu n’urundi rugomo runyuranye. Ibyo bikomere hari ibyo Leta iriho n’amahanga bemera bagafata mu mugongo abahohotewe, hari n’ibyo Leta izinzika ndetse ikabuza bene byo gutaka no kwibuka ababo mu ruhame.
Komora ibyo bikomere bisaba ibintu byinshi birmo byibura bitatu by’ingenzi:
a- Kumenya ukuri ku byabaye
b- Guha impozamarira no gufata mu mugongo abarokotse
c- Guhana no gutanga imbabazi
Kumenya ukuri ku byabaye bisaba kubona urubuga rwigenga rwo gucukumbura, gukusanya no gusesengura ibyaha by’urugomo n’ubugome mburabuntu byabaye mu Rwanda cyane cyane guhera 1990 kugeza ubu.
Gutanga impozamarira bisaba kumenya abazize n’abasizwe iheruheru n’ubwo bugizi bwa nabi, abantu bose bagahabwa amahirwe angana yo kuvuga akababaro kabo, kuririra no kunamira ababo, bagahabwa ikimenyetso cy’impozamarira mu izina ry’igihugu n’abaturage bose kandi Leta n’amahanga bagafatanya guhumuliza abahohotewe ko ibyababayeho bitazasubira ukundi.
Guhana no gutanga imbabazi byo bisaba ko abagize uruhare urwo ari rwo rwose muri ayo mahano bamenyekana, bagahabwa urubuga rusesuye rwo kwiregura, abere bakarenganurwa kandi bagasubizwa ishema n’icyubahiro bakwiye, abasabye imbabazi bagahabwa amahirwe yo kwicuza no gutanga umusanzu wabo mu gusana imitima n’igihugu, ku bagitsimbaraye ku bugome bwabo hagafatwa ingamba zihamye zo kubahana no kubaha amahirwe yo kuva I buzimu bakajya i buntu.

- Kurwanya ubukene no gusaranganya umutungo w’igihugu
Guhumuriza abaturage no komora ibikomere bigomba kujyana nanone no gushyiraho gahunda zihutirwa zo guha abaturage amahirwe angana yo kugira agaciro n’uruhare rugaragara mu buzima bw’igihugu cyabo. Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho, ni ngombwa kwibuka ko akarengane n’amarorerwa igihugu cyanyuzemo byateye ubusumbane bukabije, bamwe bagakizwa n’ibyo bataruhiye, abandi bagatindahara. Kurwanya ubukene no gusaranganya umutungo w’igihugu ku buryo bunyuze mu mucyo kandi bushyize mu gaciro bigomba kuba inshingano y’ubutegetsi bushya mu nzego zose.

4. Ubufatanye mpuzamahanga
Ngo usenya urwe umuitiza umuhoro. Iyo ntero ni yo yabaye inyikirizo mu mahanga mu bibazo byose u Rwanda rwagize. Aho gufasha abaturage kwigobotora ingoyi y’imyiryane n’ubukene, amahanga yagiye arangwa no kubogamira ku tuzu tw’ubwidishyi dufite cg dushaka gufata ubutegetsi. Ni mu gihe kandi kuko ayo mahanga kenshi aba afite inyungu zayo mu gufasha utwo tuzu gufata cg gukomeza ubutegetsi.

(i) Politiki ya Mpatsibihugu
Ñ Abakoloni b’abadage bagobotse ingoma ya cyami ubwo yari imaze gushegeshwa n’amakimbirane yaturikiye ku Rucunshu, batiza amaboko akazu gashya kiganjemo abega b’abakagara, bahashya abigomekaga nka Rukara na Basebya, ndetse bomeka ku Rwanda intara zitari zarigeze zitsindwa nk’Igisaka na tumwe mu turere tw’amajyaruguru no mu Kinyaga;

Ñ Ababilig bakomeje iyo nzira bagerekaho akarusho ko gushyiraho amashuri yihariye y’abana b’abatware bityo begurira imfura z’abatutsi ubutegetsi bwa Kizungu n’ubwa Kinyarwanda.

Ñ Mu myaka ya za 1950, Ababiligi bafashije abahutu kumvikanisha akarengane kabo, aho Parmehutu ifatiye ubutegetsi barabusangira kandi bafatanya n’urugamba rwo guhashya Lunari no gukandamiza gatutsi.

Ñ Habyarimana afashe ubutegetsi yisunze Ubufaransa bumufasha gukomeza igitugu cya gisilikali no gutsimbaza ishyaka rimwe Muvoma.

Ñ Mu gutera u Rwanda no gufata ubutegetsi ku ngufu, FPR yisunze cyane Amerika n’Ubwongereza ari nabo na nubu bagikomeza kuyikingira ikibaba ku byaha ikurikiranyweho.

Ñ Muri ibyo byose, Loni yagiye iba nyamujya-iyo-bigiye, ikamenya ko nyirinkota ari uyifashe akarumyo. Nikozitambirwa si umunyarwanda gusa. Uko zivuze , Loni kugeza uyu munsi ni ko izitambira.

(ii) Ibihugu by’abaturanyi
Umubano w’u Rwanda n’ibihugu birukikije wo ahanini waranzwe n’urwikekwe rutuma abaturage badashyikirana neza. U Burundi bwaranzwe ahanini no kuba ikinyuranyo cy’u Rwanda kugeza uyu munsi: Iyo abahutu bimye i Kigali, Bujumbura yimika abatutsi ukagira ngo biri mu masezerano. Iyo i Kigali bavuze iby’amoko ku mugaragaro (Habyarimana n’iringaniza), i Bujumbura barabyamagana (Bagaza akuraho ubwoko mu karangamuntu), i Bujumbura bakwemera kuganira ku by’amoko (amasezerano y’Arusha), i Kigali bakarahira batsemba ko nta moko abaho.
Umubano mwiza u Rwanda rwigeze ni uwo rwagiranye na Zayire, ariko kugirana umubano n’umutegetsi w’Ikinani nka Mobutu ukenesha abaturage be nta musaruro ugaragara abanyarwanda bari kuwutegamo. Umubano wo kubeshyana na Uganda wabyaye intambara y’Inkotanyi.
Kubeshyerwa ko u Rwanda ari igihugu kivuga igifaransa byatumye rugira imigenderanire mike n’ibihugu byo bu burasirazuba, aho twinjirijwe mu bavuga icyongereza, ubwishishanye burakomeza kuko igitugu cyahawe intebe iwacu kibangamiwe n’intambwe ya demokarasi igenda igerwaho muri Kenya na Tanzaniya. Magingo aya, amizero tuyateze ku izuka rya CPGL na EAC tutaramenya neza ibyayo.
Muri make, kubaka u Rwanda rubereye abanyarwanda bose birasaba kuvugurura ububanyi n’amahanga duhereye ku bihugu duturanye, tugafatanya kubaka inzego zihamye za demokarasi, tugaha abaturage ubwisanzure bwo guhahirana no kuzuzanya ndetse no gukora imirimo mu gihugu cy’abaturanyi nta nkomyi. Iyi ni yo nzira yadufasha gukemura ibibazo by’ubushotoranyi dufitanye na Kongo, bigaha n’abaturage ba Kongo bafite inkomoko mu Rwanda ubwisanzure mu rwego rwagutse rw’akarere.
U Rwanda rugomba kureka imikino mibi yo guhora rushaka mpatsibihugu rwiyomekaho, rukabana n’ibihugu byose dushingiye ku nyungu n’akamaro bifitiye abaturage bacu. Imiryango ivuga igifaransa cg icyongereza, iy’amajyepfo, i burasirazuba cg amajyaruguru, U Rwanda rugomba kuyijyamo rutagombye gutegekwa kugira iyo ruvamo kubera inyungu z’utuzu. Umubano w’u Rwanda na Loni ugomba kuvugururwa ugashingira mbere na mbere kudufasha guhumuliza abaturage cyane cyane mu ntambwe za mbere z’urugendo rwo kuva ku ngoma y’ubwidishyi tugana demokarasi.
Aho inzira yo gusubiza ubutegetsi mu maboko y’abaturage izaturuka hose, Loni n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika kimwe n’ibihugu by’inshuti z’u Rwanda n’indi miryango mpuzamahanga bigomba kugira uruhare rugaragara mu guhuza abanyarwanda b’ingeri zose mu biganiro binyuze mu mucyo, kurinda umutekano w’abaturage bose, kuvugurura no kurema ingabo nshya z’igihugu, kubuza ko hari akazu kakongera kugira igihugu ingaruzwamuheto, kuburizamo ibikorwa byo guheza no guhora, gufatanya mu gukurikirana no guhana abakekwaho uruhare mu mahano yoretse u Rwanda, gutanga impozamarira ku barokotse no kubaka ubukungu n’ibikorwa by’amajyambere arambye.

UMWANZURO
U Rwanda ruri mu mayirabiri. Imyiryane yarubayemo akarande yerekanye ko nta bwoko, nta karere cg irindi tsinda ry’abantu rifite umwihariko wo gukandamiza abandi bizira iherezo, cg gukunda igihugu no kukitangira kurusha abandi.
Nubwo bikunze kuvugwa ko igihugu cyoretswe no kugira abayobozi babi, ubwo bubi ndetse bukitirirwa amoko (abatutsi cg abahutu), inyoko-muzi (abega, abanyiginya), uturere (Kiga, nduga) cg igice cy’abanyarwanda akazu kubakiyeho (igisilikali, abavuye Uganda), mu by’ukuri amateka atwereka ko nta muyobozi n’umwe uba yaravukiye kuba mwiza cg mubi.Wa mugani wa Rousseau, umuntu wese agirwa mubi cg mwiza n’abo abana nabo.
Ku by’ubuyobozi by’umwihariko, ihame ni uko ubuyobozi bwose buryoha, ubufite akaba atifuza kuburekura. Icyo ibihugu byateye imbere muri demokarasi birusha ibindi, ni ugushyiraho inzego n’ingamba zihamye zituma uri ku buyobozi atabugira akarima ke. Ibi rero bigomba gusobanuka ko ari ingoma ya cyami, ari iya Parmehutu, iya Muvoma se cg iy’Inkotanyi, zose ibibi zakoze ntibyatewe n’uko ari mbi muri kamere yazo cg kamere y’abazigize, impamvu nyakuri ni uko zitegeze zigira uzikoma imbere, zigashobora gucecekesha abagerageje guhangana na zo abandi zikabagira ibikingamuyaga, zikagira igihugu ingaruzwamuheto amahanga akinumira, cg se akabatiza umurindi.
Guhindura ibyo byose bisaba ikintu kimwe k’ingenzi: gushyiraho inzego zibuza ubuyobozi bukuru kuba Ibinani kandi abaturage bagahabwa uburenganzira busesuye bwo guhora bahitamo ababahagarariye bifuza, bagasezerera uwo badashaka, kandi bakagenzura imikorere ya Leta yabo bashingiye ku mahame mpuzamahanga n’amategeko n’umuco mwiza w’u Rwanda.
Intambwe ya mbere mu Rwanda rw’iki gihe ni ugufasha ubuyobozi bwa FPR
gusubiza ubutegetsi mu maboko y’abaturage. Ibyo bitashoboka ku neza, FPR ikabihatirwa, ibyo byakwanga, abanyarwanda ubwabo n’inshuti z’u Rwanda bagafata ingamba zo kunyaga FPR ubutetsi yihaye bakabusubiza mu maboko y’abaturage.
Uyu ni wo mugambi nyamukuru uwifuriza u Rwanda amahoro agomba gushyira ku mutima. Iyi ni yo nshingano igomba kuraza ishinga abifuza kuzaraga abana babo u Rwanda rutarimo imivumo.
Twese biratureba kandi twese tubifitemo inyungu. Barahirwa abanyarwanda bazusa iki kivi kidutegereje twese cyo gushyira ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda mu maboko y’abaturage. Barahirwa kurushaho abana bazavuka basanga iby’iyi myiryane twivurugutamo ari inkuru ishaje, bakajya babyumva mu migani n’amateka nkuko abanyaburayi b’iki gihe babwirwa iby’intambara ya kabiri y’isi yose.

Imana y’i Rwanda ikomeze irugende imbere ibuze uduhutu ncancama n’udututsi nzingiza kuzarwiranguza.

[1] Noheli Twagiramungu ni impuguke mu by’umuco n’amateka y’u Rwanda, uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu no gukemura amakimbirane. Ubu ni umushakashatsi muri Kaminuza ya Tufts muri Amerika aho ari gukorera impamyabushobozi y’ikirenga mu by’ububanyi n’amahanga n’iterambere mpuzamanga.
[2] Antoine Mugesera, Imibereho y’abatutsi kuri repubulika ya mbere n’iya kabiri (1959-1990). Les Editions rwandaises. Kigali, 2004.
[3] Minisitiri Muligande Karori mu minsi ishize yashinyaguriye abacitse ku icumu abitirira ubutegetsi badafite, maze asobanura ko abafite ubutegetsi ubu ari akarima kabo; abategekwa nabo bakaba bagomba kubyemera gutyo; naho abavutse mu bwoko bwica ibyo gutegeka bakaba bagomba kubyibagirwa.
[4] Ibi perezida yabivuze yizihiza isaburu ya 13 y’intsinzi ye
[5] Gasimba Saveri, Indege y’ubumw Rwanda rw’ubu. Kigali, 1999